IMPACT STRATEGIC
Nr. 1-2/2003
1-2[6-7]/2003
Cuprins
ARGUMENT
UN NOU „IMPACT” – Prof. univ. general de brigadă dr. Constantin ONIŞOR
ACTUALITATEA POLITICO-MILITARĂ
Armata României în perioada post-Praga – General dr. Mihail POPESCU, Şeful Statului Major General
Romania’s Armed Forces During Post-Prague Period – General PhD Mihail POPESCU, Chief of the General Staff
Profesionalizarea Armatei României în contextul integrării în N.A.T.O. – General dr. Mircea MUREŞAN, Locţiitorul Şefului Statului Major General
The Romania’s Armed Forces Professionalization in the Context of NATO Admission
– General PhD Mircea MUREŞAN, Deputy-Chief of the General Staff
Noul conflict armat şi planificarea militară – General-maior dr. Vasile PAUL, Şeful Direcţiei Planificare Strategică
New Armed Conflict and the Military Planning – General-Major PhD Vasile PAUL, Chief of the Strategic Planning Department
Instabilitatea etnică şi terorismul – Cristian JURA, Preşedintele Consiliului Naţional pentru Combaterea Discriminării
Terorismul politic. Teorie, tactici, contramăsuri – Prof. univ. general de brigadă dr. Constantin ONIŞOR
GEOPOLITICI ŞI GEOSTRATEGII PE TRAIECTORIA VIITORULUI
Diplomaţie şi geopolitică. Federaţia Rusă, evoluţiile recente pe scena internaţională
– Prof. univ. colonel dr. Constantin HLIHOR
Orientări şi tendinţe în puterea mondială actuală – colonel dr. Ion COŞCODARU, Statul Major General
China în geopolitica Asiei Centrale şi de Est – Dr. V. GHEORGHE
Crizele şi managementul crizei. Abordare geopolitică – Alexandra SARCINSCHI
SECURITATE ŞI STRATEGII MILITARE
Rolul puterii militare în asigurarea securităţii internaţionale
– Prof. univ. general de brigadă dr. Teodor FRUNZETI
Fizionomia acţiunilor desfăşurate în operaţiile în sprijinul păcii – Prof. univ colonel dr. Ion PREDA
România şi imperativele aderării la N.A.T.O. (2002-2004) – Prof. univ. colonel dr. Viorel BUŢA, Decanul Facultăţii Interarme, AÎSM
Dinamica misiunilor Jandarmeriei Române în contextul aderării ţării la structurile euro-atlantice
– Colonel Sorin MORUŞ, Ministerul de Interne
Modalităţi de prevenire a acţiunilor extremist-teroriste de către forţele specializate în timp de pace
– Colonel Maricel ANTIPA
Forţele speciale şi operaţiile psihologice – Irina Paula CUCU, Maior Cornel CUCU
Studiu privind interesul naţional – Cristian BĂHNĂREANU
Strategie naţională şi strategie de alianţă – dr. Gheorghe VĂDUVA
Unele tendinţe în domeniul supremaţiei aeriene – Prof. univ. colonel dr. Ion BĂLĂCEANU
Ecologizarea în strategia militară a N.A.T.O. – Colonel Florea SURDU, Inspector-şef pentru Mediu
„Strategia instrumentelor” în războiul împotriva terorismului internaţional – Colonel (r.) Vasile POPA
Întrebuinţarea puterii maritime în secolul XXI – Prof. univ. căpitan comandor dr. Dorin MARA
SOCIETATEA INFORMAŢIONALĂ. PACE ŞI RĂZBOI
Războiul în epoca informaţională – Prof. univ. colonel dr. Ioan GEANTĂ
Arme High Tech la început de secol – Colonel Emil STRĂINU
Modele posibile ale noului război – Colonel (r.) dr. Grigore ALEXANDRESCU
Spaţiul virtual în confruntarea politico-militară – George RĂDUICĂ
Digitalizarea în conflictul armat – Ana SERAFIM, Ministerul Apărării Naţionale
ANALIZE, SINTEZE, EVALUĂRI
Asia Centrală – între tradiţionalism şi modernitate – Redacţia
Strategia navală a Federaţiei Ruse – Redacţia
Republica Moldova – 2002-2003 – Dr. Petre DUŢU
INTERVIU
Interviu cu domnul general de brigadă Ion CIUPEI, comandantul Corpului 10 armată teritorial
PUNCTE DE VEDERE
Summit-ul de la Praga – N.A.T.O. Şi fragilitatea forţei – Dr. ing. Francisc TOBĂ
Liderul social într-o lume în schimbare – ing. Liviu LUCA, preşedinte UFS „Atlas”
Implicarea politică în aspecte operaţionale ale războiului – Colonel dr. Ioan DRAGOMAN, Lt. col. Giuseppe DEL MARCO, Lt. col. (r.) Aleksey GRITSENKO
Război şi globalizare – Darie CRISTEA, Universitatea Bucureşti
Analiza de potenţial în studiul de securitate – Alina MACOVEI
Conflictul armat şi sistemul religios de valori (premise obiective şi subiective) – Mihai DINU
EVENIMENT STRATEGIC
Confruntarea armată în Golf – 2003 – P. VASILE
AGENDA NATO
Evoluţii în parteneriatul strategic SUA-România – Dr. Vladimir ZODIAN
Unele remodelări conceptuale şi acţionale în cadrul NATO după 11 septembrie 2001 – Emil E. SUCIU
NATO şi UE – parteneri în cadrul păcii – Adriana CRĂCIUNESCU, Statul Major General
NATO – dinamică 2002 – Redacţia
NOTE DE LECTURĂ
Revoluţia în domeniul militar – trecut, prezent şi viitor
Recenzii
CRONOLOGIE
Instituţii şi organizaţii internaţionale de securitate (activitate ianuarie - martie 2003)
Din activitatea Centrului de Studii Strategice de Securitate (decembrie 2002 – mai 2003)
Instabilitatea etnică şi terorismul – Cristian JURA, Preşedintele Consiliului Naţional pentru Combaterea Discriminării
Nowadays it is obvious the necessity of establishing a matrix for changing minorities from being considered instability factor to one supplying security. The understanding the sources and types of conflict have to precede all the efforts to ameliorate the ethnic tensions. Therefore, this matrix should be about the historical, economical, social and cultural factors- that are the basis of ethnic conflicts. The next steps should involve offering solutions for different crisis and presenting the means for implementing those solutions.
Terorismul politic. Teorie, tactici, contramăsuri – Prof. univ. general de brigadă dr. Constantin ONIŞOR
The political terrorism can not be annihilated only by armed reaction or action. The architecture and philosophy of this type of terrorism has to be destroyed. This objective is hard to achieve as the forces fighting against terrorism have logical action systems on political, economical, financial, informational, cultural and military areas. They are not always compatible with the asymmetrical and illogical ones belonging to political terrorism. That is why in the system of war against terrorism - that is and has to be a complex, networked one - there have to be designed forces and structures able to act asymmetrically or anti-asymmetrically against groups and vital centers of the political terrorism.
Orientări şi tendinţe în puterea mondială actuală – colonel dr. Ion COŞCODARU, Statul Major General
Analyzing the tendencies of the outlined centers of power we notice that while Europe’s main interest, on short and medium term, is a regional one, Japan hesitates on assuming a major role with global connotations, the USA are devoted to play a global one. The US led a worldwide coalition in the last fifty years and confirmed their ability of managing effectively major issues. Taking into account that there is no other force with a global role, the USA cannot think of minimizing their ambitions to a single region. The American interests are so connected with all world areas that any obstacle would have unfavorable consequences not only on the leader position in building a new world order but on the competition for establishing a real hierarchy of the centers of power.
Based on recent facts, we may appreciate the future effort towards multi-polarity will be harder and more complex that it has been imagined. The aspect of the world hierarchy will be new and unpredictable and its scenarios will need new, probable visions. For becoming
true, this hierarchy depends on the relations between main actors on the worldwide political scene – where the USA will still have the main role.
China în geopolitica Asiei Centrale şi de Est – Dr. V. GHEORGHE
For the time being China is not willing to act or react by force in order to achieve its objectives. The Chinese strategy is an economical and diplomatic one. That is why it is less possible to happen violent confrontations in the Chinese region. Not a single world power wants to provoke China. On the contrary, the main strategic actors – US, Russia, European Union and some states from the Islamic world- will try to be in good terms with China from now on.
Crizele şi managementul crizei. Abordare geopolitică – Alexandra SARCINSCHI
The final decade of the 20th Century has brought back in forefront an old sociological concept – the crisis. A crisis is defined as a period in a system’s dynamic during in which the conspicuous accumulation of difficulties and the conflictual outbreak of strains make difficult its normal run. There are some powerful pressures for change. Another concept developed in the last years is the crisis management - usually described as a reactive activity directed to the scaling problems. An efficient and comprehensive crisis management implies cooperation and dialogue relations between involved actors, especially in recognition the need for a strategic approach of the crisis situation. During the Cold War, the crisis management was a dimension of the relations between NATO, Warsaw Pact and Soviet Union. Since the end of Cold War and until the years 1998-1999, this concept has been vaguely used in discussions in NATO. It sometimes means Alliance’s intervention in conflicts beyond the territory of NATO and sometimes refers more widely to any action beyond the traditional Alliance’s role. In the following years, the adoption of the Washington Declaration, in April 1999, has reflected the importance of crisis management to the allies. In the beginning of the 21st Century, the Prague Summit, in November 2002, strengthened the importance of this concept in the new security environment. The conflict in Kosovo is an example of Alliance’s involvement in crisis management operations. When Yugoslavia collapsed, a military role for NATO was widely seen as impossible because of the fact that NATO could not act “out-of-area”. At best, it could act under the authority of the UN, with no distinct role of its own. Many experts doubted whether a collective defence organization could really handle the challenge of crisis management.
Rolul puterii militare în asigurarea securităţii internaţionale – Prof. univ. general de brigadă dr. Teodor FRUNZETI
The international order is connected, if not dependent, with the type of the political regime promoted by the main actors on the international stage- hereby the states. It is stated that the democratic regimes promote - in their international relations- peaceful methods of solving out the conflicts, even the divergent ones, with the other states. The military power has become less important in this transition towards a stable security environment. It is less important for solving out political and security issues that nowadays world have to face. Paradoxically, the military power tool has been extensively used- and still is- since the end of Cold War. Now NATO and EU are reconsidering the role of the military power tool. That is because in itself can not offer solutions for solving out the large number of challenges generated by the risks, threats and dangers created by the forces acting on the international environment. But the military power tool can facilitate and intensify the action of political and economical tools increasing therefore their efficiency and constructively shaping the international security environment.
România şi imperativele aderării la N.A.T.O. (2002-2004) – Prof. univ. colonel dr. Viorel BUŢA, Decanul Facultăţii Interarme, AÎSM
Up to 2004, Romania will have to define its position on some controversial matters: the extension of NATO’s operations beyond European borders, NATO’s changing into an intervention security worldwide alliance, the relations between different power centres inside NATO, the move of the Europe’s centre stage towards East. The admission process depends on Romania’s actions to many other circumstances maybe just as sensitive.
Dinamica misiunilor Jandarmeriei Române în contextul aderării ţării la structurile euro-atlantice
– Colonel Sorin MORUŞ, Ministerul de Interne
The present situation of the regional and global security environment, its evolution tendencies and Romania’s integration in the Euro-Atlantic structures need an ongoing reform in the institutions of defence, public order and national security areas. An important dimension for reforming the Romanian Gendarmerie is represented by stressing the professional staff training. It is expected an active dynamic for this institution taking into consideration Romania’s integration in E.U. Becoming a NATO member and then an E.U. one will bring major changes on Romania’s internal environment (free circulation from and to Europe, illegal migration of the citizens coming from undeveloped countries to the developed West, possibility of some terrorists attacks and so on) and will also require Romanian Gendarmerie participation in missions abroad.
Modalităţi de prevenire a acţiunilor extremist-teroriste de către forţele specializate în timp de pace
– Colonel Maricel ANTIPA
The correct planning of the preventive measures and the judicious use of the resources reduce the vulnerabilities in front of the extremist- terrorist attacks. These vulnerabilities may be effectively determined by: the physical surveillance of objectives, the preventive inspections, the checking of the personnel from the institutions that might be “targeted”, the prohibition of information leaks. All the methods lead to the protection of the operations, activities, installations, equipment and personnel aimed by terrorist.
Forţele speciale şi operaţiile psihologice – Irina Paula CUCU, Maior Cornel CUCU
The psychological operations are part of the political, diplomatic, military, economical and informational activities. Disseminating messages and information they aim at influencing emotions, motivations, reasons, wills and target people’s behaviour and value systems. The psychological operations developed by Special Forces may become both a peace, stability factor and a force multiplier for military actions. There will be an increase in importance of small units - carefully selected and well trained. The future belongs to the Special Forces and psychological operations. The conflicts are not solved only by psychological operations, but they amplify the army’s force and contribute to saving human lives.
Studiu privind interesul naţional – Cristian BĂHNĂREANU
The national interest is the general expression of the vital necessities of a state, which are deriving from the existence of a national state itself and its sovereignty statute. Usually, the components of the national interest are: interests regarding physical survival of the state, the national security, the state rights and its international prestige/role/statute, the economical and social prosperity/development, the political stability and political regime/system. A difficult problem of the contemporary era consists in the impact of the globalization and regionalization over national interests. Moreover, there is a direct and obvious relation between national interests, national states and national identities. In present, at least at the great international actors level, there is a space for dialog, interests harmonization and partnerships, hard to anticipate even at the beginning of ’80s. The harmonization of the interests has become, in the past years, the solution for avoiding considerable conflicts in the international life, and it is a method by which the members of the international community can bring into accord the fundamental interests with the present realities. In the academic society, and not only there, has been debated the problem of the relations between the individual interests, nation interests and state interests. Romania’s fundamental interests are established by the political factor and they have a dynamic character determined by the transformations on internal and external plan. Romanian state is promoting its national interests by security policy. It’s an integrated part of the general policy and includes principles, norms, measures and actions undertaken in all domains, organizations and institutions established to promote and protect fundamental interests. Romania’s joining NATO – the fundamental objective of the “national interest” policy, after 1989 – is an absolute necessarily guarantee of security in the present international context of reshaping world order, revival of the nationalistic passions, interethnic and interconfessional conflicts, increased terrorist threats and NBC proliferation. Meantime, the political-military relations between Romania and NATO imply a Romanian security contribution to the Alliance, expressed through a set of roles, responsibilities and specific missions. Romania’s adhesion to NATO cannot be separated from the integration process to EU. In both cases, a radical economic and institutional transformation is necessary, mainly the implementation of a set of truly modern values (democracy, human rights and freedom, fair state, private property, cooperation, harmonization of interests etc.).
Strategie naţională şi strategie de alianţă – dr. Gheorghe VĂDUVA
The North-Atlantic Treaty is the only worldwide power that can play a significant role in fighting against or for war. The future war is not clearly defined and can not be identified and configured in details. Therefore, the alliance’s strategy gets closer and closer, first responding to the risks and then to the immediate and future threats. This can not be done arbitrarily or discretionarily but taking into account the evolution of the strategic security environment. Entity is necessary in this century of interdependence and of a new human society- an informational, globalized one. The principle et pluribus unum is now modern than ever.
Unele tendinţe în domeniul supremaţiei aeriene – Prof. univ. colonel dr. Ion BĂLĂCEANU
In perspective of 2010, the surveillance, command, control, communications and information systems will generate the information war or the knowledge war. According to this new type of war, each country will try to exploit the information at maximum, to shape the enemy’s actions by manipulating the informational flow and will try to use knowledge in its favour. This topic is an ongoing concern for all military forces, not taking into consideration their present development. The mail directions are: organizing the leadership of military air forces, drawing up the forms and procedures using the military air forces in the new structures, verifying the created structures during the operational training.
Ecologizarea în strategia militară a N.A.T.O. – Colonel Florea SURDU, Inspector-şef pentru Mediu
The importance of the ecological factor in decision-making process (assessing the impact of military actions on environment, reducing the damages and their pollution level) is the best way to implement the norms of the International Environmental Law, the policies and environmental programmes. Meantime, the ecological dimension is mentioned in the military strategies of the N.A.T.O. members.
„Strategia instrumentelor” în războiul împotriva terorismului internaţional – Colonel (r.) Vasile POPA
A greater firmness from the U.S. on foreign actions proves that, due to the new Administration, the political will has got a practical consistency, uses all the means for maintaining national and global security. Seizing acutely the danger for the vital national interest, U.S. has supplemented its efforts for strengthening the security system and sustaining the confrontation with terrorism. Their decisions on foreign affairs have been rushed because of Iraq, a state with a proved NBC potential, situated in the crossroad of geo-political areas. It has been taken into account its well-known responsibility as a unique global super power, overcoming the concessions stage and getting to military strategic options against proliferation. It is obvious for the U.S. policy makers and military planners that the political flexibility has to stop where the regional and global exigencies are flagrantly violated, where the credibility of their potential of solving out problems is doubted.
Întrebuinţarea puterii maritime în secolul XXI – Prof. univ. căpitan comandor dr. Dorin MARA
Looking to the future conflicts and wars from these days, to the next 25 to 30 years, until the middle of this century, this material is an attempt to demonstrate the evolution of Sea Power approach, on basis of „Joint Vision 2020” concept. The main challenge for the eve of this Century seems to be a turning point in the thinking, in order to remove the Sea Power concept from „War at Sea” to „War from Sea”. The use of Sea Power will have an increasing importance because of the obvious advantages in this matter, more and more restrictive times requiring hard negotiations with foreign governments required by deployment of ground forces.
Războiul în epoca informaţională – Prof. univ. colonel dr. Ioan GEANTĂ
Getting the informational supremacy ensures a convenient and favourable decision for engaging the force and guarantees the fulfilment of the initial purpose. Meanwhile losing the informational battle may turn to a discrepancy between the involved parties, to unfavourable terms on achieving the purposes. In this situation, engaging force is a courage act and when there are human and material losses we may assert the decision equals “murder”.
Arme High Tech la început de secol – Colonel Emil STRĂINU
HAARP (High Frequency Active Auroral Research Programme) originates the most powerful weapon created ever by man. It is a weapon of wave, sky and cosmos. For the time being not all the aspects and implications connected with the use of HAARP are known. It seems to be the latest project in this area, producing strategic changes on which the future war will be shaped. It may become the supreme weapon of war or peace, the last weapon – the final weapon.
Modele posibile ale noului război – Colonel (r.) dr. Grigore ALEXANDRESCU
In many political military commentaries is specified that the Cold War threat has been transformed into an “asymmetric” one, in which two entirely different enemies face each other. In this case, all democracies face a shadowy international terrorist organization that fights using unconventional means. This is an accurate description of the threat, but it is, however, only part of the story. Once more, for the civilized world the war gives proof of its longevity. In a pessimistic prognosis, it will break out in the less expected places around the world having a configuration more and more difficult to perceive.
Spaţiul virtual în confruntarea politico-militară – George RĂDUICĂ
Even since the ancient times, information has been associated with power, war but also knowledge and technology. Information Revolution brought to the post-industrial society a new challenge: information war. Therefore, information become a strategic resource. As expected, Information Revolution has not avoided terrorist groups, grafting on their operational and organizational behaviour.
Digitalizarea în conflictul armat – Ana SERAFIM, Ministerul Apărării Naţionale
The new landscapes of IT and the Internet help to reproduce, to form and to challenge the architectures of power. There are contradictory tendencies that information technologies might enable relating to cooperation and security socio-political transformations.The proliferation of websites and on-line organizations goes hand in hand with new state security agendas aimed at limitting the effects and access of activist or terrorist organizations. Information flows are power vectors for those who know to produce, to own and to use them, as well as instability factors, if they are perceived as a fate that cannot be dominated and controlled. While military and economic power are essentially state controlled and can be instruments of coercion (hard power), „soft power” has taken on a far greater importance. The advantages of digital communications on the Internet are enormous, but so are the risks it involves, on the other side. That’s why a Digital Risk Management is required, as the digital attacks (CBRN - D) are asymmetrically manifesting. IT has the capacity to actualize as well as to virtualize violence in realtime. It may enable the continuation of violence through infowar, but, when it is used by governmental or nongovernmental organizations, transnational actors or other peaceful virtual communities, it also demonstrated a capability to prevent, mediate, and resolve conflicts through infopeace. Given the potential effectivness of digital war, particularly as an instrument of power for niche competitors and non-state actors, there is an urgent need of reglementation of the „information space” at the international level.
Summit-ul de la Praga – N.A.T.O. Şi fragilitatea forţei – Dr. ing. Francisc TOBĂ
Nowadays Romania has to follow simultaneously two paths: joining NATO and integrating in EU. NATO direction implies following
stages generating the resources imposed by the quality of a European Union member. Romania has a GNP around 1700 $ per inhabitant (the last country joining EU at Copenhagen has a GNP around 3000 $ per inhabitant). 47% of its active population works in agriculture and 30% in industry (the maximum percentage admitted by EU is 15%). The political decision makers have the difficult task of projecting and implementing beneficial solutions, even if hard ones from the social perspective, for the next 10-20 years. The political direction given by the Bucharest leaders consists in connecting the measures for joining both EU and NATO. Meantime, Romania considers the transatlantic relations are very strong despite some divergences on foreign affairs matters. Above all, the democratic West is the most advanced international community and its extended civilization is incontestable. In such a community
the political opinion and divergences are normal, if not compulsory.
Implicarea politică în aspecte operaţionale ale războiului – Colonel dr. Ioan DRAGOMAN, Lt. col. Giuseppe DEL MARCO, Lt. col. (r.) Aleksey GRITSENKO
The fundamental goals and purposes of a nation are fulfilled by policy that guides both efforts and resources. Political leaders give general guidance to military strategy. The instruments of national power are political, military, economical and informational. For achieving the national objectives the states need a grand strategy plan including the political, military one and the economical strategies. Particularly, military strategy is the art and science of coordinating the development, deployment and employment of military forces for achieving the national security objectives. It includes the operational strategy - the art and science of planning, orchestrating and directing a military campaign within a theatre of operations to achieve national security objectives. The purpose of strategy is to win in the theatre war because military objectives contribute to the achievement of a political objective. The national objective drives this process, the grand political strategy incorporating and/or coordinating all the instruments of national power, the military strategy supporting the national objectives. That is why there is a direct connection between the political and military aspects for achieving the fundamental aims of a country. War is a total phenomenon, its dominant tendencies make it always a fascinated trinity composed of: 1) primordial violence, hatred and hostility that are to be regarded as a blind natural force; 2) the play of chance and probability within the free creative spirit (of a commander); 3) its instrumental element of subordination, the political force. The decision of engaging in a war is always a political one. The command of the activity aimed at ensuring national and international security is the inalienable prerogative of the local legal political authorities of each country and of international organization within the approval of the Security Council. But not every military mean may be used in a war. Thus, the political authorities attempt to prohibit the use of specific weapons in warfare. The willingness of states (particularly democratic states) participating in multinational operations to apply agreed political and legal rules of conduct may assist in making the military action acceptable to governments, to reduce risk of domestic and third-party opposition, and make it politically more difficult for an adversary to denounce the means used. On the other hand, the prospect of the enforcement of certain rules (such as prohibition of rapes, looting) not only by the national or international courts, but also within the armed forces themselves, may contribute to maintaining the internal discipline of armed forces. The entire military science and art demonstrate that war, combat actions cannot avoid the specific laws governing them. That is why the principles of armed fight, as a part of the military science and art, must be known for planning and carrying out military operations. War and military actions are governed by military laws. Through man’s will to protect himself, there must be complied some legal standards established by the political authorities. The laws that regulate war belong to internal law (the regulations regarding the problems of national defence, ranging from the Constitution to the general military and combat handbooks) and international law (that settles the problems of opening, developing and ending military hostilities by means of customary law and conventional agreements). While there are no specific problems as far as the necessity and possibility to regulate internally the planning and carrying out military operations, when it is about the international law we must say that it is justified by the fact that the scale of war is more than an international scale or with international bearings. That is why the states try to normalize their wartime relations by imposing some rules on starting, developing and ending an armed conflict.
Analiza de potenţial în studiul de securitate – Alina MACOVEI
The debates upon the security sources and their potential - which generate a certain kind of “superiority” sense - as well as discussions on the security area which involve various actors (states, corporations, social groups, individuals) willing to get in touch, are nowadays at a turning point. The actual security structures still preserve the state as a main actor for the exercise of the political authority. On the other hand, no state can function in a medium of isolation. On the contrary, state structures can only be functional through their active relations with other states, other actors on the international arena (NGOs, international organisations and institutions, corporations etc.), so that their relationships would gain a tantamount importance for the international security architecture. In the potential analysis framework, it is necessary to pay attention to the security background characteristics that affect the actors’options. The risks, threats and vulnerabilities analysis may point out some vectors of the power management and distribution (that is the power potential) which generate a series of relationships within the security area. In a way or another, some of the security threats origins are the power based authorities conflicts. Therefore we can say the present security environment promotes competitive attitudes and actions. The coexistence of this power based authorities can be perceived, meantime, as a security source and an insecurity one as well. Thus, the potential of the power balance may represent either a peace pillar or a conflict generator and in this way appears the polarity of two concepts: “security potential” - “insecurity potential”. Previous questions referring to the relation between security or insecurity potential and the balance types in the international security architecture framework seem to regain their importance. Thus, we can talk about a bipolar or a multipolar equilibrium. However, within any type of security equilibrium, any actor that is part of the international arena “power game”, either loses or gains some “advantages” for its potential, may damage the existent balance.
Conflictul armat şi sistemul religios de valori (premise obiective şi subiective) – Mihai DINU
Last decades were marked by rediscovery of religious identity in a visible, even exposed manner. The new ones provoke the legally recognised religions. This variety of religious expressions turn attention to the problem of religious intercourse with national and international security: religion –crisis – armed conflict. Nowadays, crossing the frontier towards a new international order, new religious conflicts/wars are inflicted, or the older ones are harboured. Which are the premises that favour the implication of religious factor in the conflictual intercourse? That’s the question this article tries to answer.
Unele remodelări conceptuale şi acţionale în cadrul NATO după 11 septembrie 2001 – Emil E. SUCIU
The terrorist attacks on the eleventh of September 2001 have determined NATO to redefine its priorities. These changes in strategy rely on deeper changes in the Organization‘s conceptual core. Among these changes we can mention giving up the concepts of “zero-own-casualties”, “collateral casualties” or “peaceful conflict prevention and/or management”. Moreover, concepts like “constabulary forces” or “security through cooperation with external partners” (see the cooperation between NATO and The Russian Federation within the recently created “NATO-Russia Council”) tend to replace older concepts which represent an inheritance of the Cold War era. Also, the concept of “preventive war” represents a new way of dealing with the new asymmetric threats. Another conceptual change, which tends to become a very important change in NATO‘s “strategic behavior”, is the assumption that each participating country in the Alliance‘s missions should participate with specialized forces (different specialization for each of the NATO members). And, given the fact that in war-related missions the United States are used to be the leaders and initiate NATO peace-making missions, through war-related means, we may assume that the new Alliance‘s members will be assigned especially constabulary missions. Amongst the practical consequences of these conceptual changes we may also mention the increasing role of Intelligence cooperation, special forces, informational war and internal security forces, as well as the increasing attention paid and the increasing efforts to fight against international and national organized crime, considered nowadays as a phenomenon stronger and stronger connected to terrorism.